More comprehensive analysis of SV evolution has been limited by the long and repetitive nature of many SVs. The size, modularity, and functional potential of SVs may offer a rich substrate for natural selection, as supported by several specific examples of adaptive insertions and deletions in diet and pigmentation-related genes ( Hsieh et al., 2019 Kothapalli et al., 2016 Perry et al., 2007 Saitou and Gokcumen, 2019), as well as genome-wide evidence from primarily short-read data ( Almarri et al., 2020 Sudmant et al., 2015). SVs impact more total sequence per genome than SNPs and may severely disrupt genes and regulatory elements to confer large effects on gene expression ( Chiang et al., 2017). This focus overlooks the potential impacts of larger insertions, deletions, and inversions – collectively termed structural variants (SVs) – whose abundance and complexity are now being appreciated with the advent of long-read DNA sequencing ( Audano et al., 2019 Chaisson et al., 2015 Sedlazeck et al., 2018a). The vast majority of genomic research on human adaptation has focused on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short insertions and deletions (indels) due to their ease of discovery by high-throughput short-read DNA sequencing (e.g., The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium, 2015 The International HapMap Consortium, 2007). Rapid global dispersal and cultural evolution have exposed modern humans to a striking diversity of environments, to which they have developed numerous genetic adaptations ( Fan et al., 2016). Our study demonstrates how recent technical advances can help resolve signatures of key evolutionary events that remained obscured within technically challenging regions of the genome. Further investigation revealed evidence that the haplotype traces to gene flow from Neanderthals, corroborating the role of immune-related genes as prominent targets of adaptive introgression. The top two variants traced to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, tagging a haplotype that swept to near fixation in certain southeast Asian populations, but is rare in other global populations. We then applied an admixture-aware method to identify 220 SVs exhibiting extreme patterns of frequency differentiation – a signature of local adaptation. Here, we used a graph-based method to genotype long-read-discovered SVs in short-read data from diverse human genomes. Large genomic insertions and deletions are a potent source of functional variation, but are challenging to resolve with short-read sequencing, limiting knowledge of the role of such structural variants (SVs) in human evolution. IF YOU HAVE NOT READ THIS BOOK, DON'T COMMENT!. This Psychotic behavior speaks to the HISTORICAL/ TRADITIONAL ACTIONS OF EUROPEANS-WHITE PPL! It seems that So-Called White people have always been OBCESSED with BLACKNESS and the OBTAINING thereof.īlack PETE in the Netherlands, The Russian Ballet in BLACK FACE and KIM Kardashian in BLACK FACE in America, Along with the complete Appropriation of African-American culture by the entire White World is PAR FOR THE COURSE.
In other words, WHITE SUPREMACY is the BABY of COLORISM! Therefore, COLORIST are nothing more than ANTI-BLACK, White SUPREMIST RACIST! In Europe, it began with COLORISM, WHICH Morphed into the SADISTIC, VILE DIABOLICAL thing we know TODAY as WHITE SUPREMACY/RACISM. Black PETE in the Netherlands, The Russian Ballet in BLACK FACE an This is an excellent account of the history of WHITE SUPREMACY. In other words, WHITE SUPREMACY is the BABY of COLORISM! Therefore, COLORIST are nothing more than ANTI-BLACK, White SUPREMIST RACIST! It seems that So-Called White people have always been OBCESSED with BLACKNESS and the OBTAINING thereof. This is an excellent account of the history of WHITE SUPREMACY.